Bioactive Molecules from Indian Medicinal Plants as Possible Candidates for the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders

The present review gives an account of various bioactive molecules obtained from Indian medicinal plants for neurological degenerative disorders. Emphasis is laid on their correlation with the plants used in traditional system of medicine in India. The methodology involved in present review was enlisting of medicinal plants used for neurodegenerative disorders followed by their chemistry. A correlation with the chemical constituents and their recent findings has been done. Many medicinal plants such as Aloe vera and Bacopa monnieri have documented correlations and also need to be explored more. Molecules like garcinol (34), which was originally an anticancer compound, have good correlation as neuroprotective agent. Likewise many plants that have not been explored but are used in traditional system of medicine have also been listed. Jaggery and honey, which are used in traditional formulations in large quantity, also have natural products that are used as neuroprotective agents. In conclusion, a lot more study is required to correlate the medicinal plants and herbal formulations to have much more natural products for neurodegenerative disorders

Review and Implications of Traditional Indian Medicine for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of intestinal disorders that cause prolonged inflammation of digestive tract. Chronic inflammation results in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). There is a disruption of homeostasis of various regulatory factors, for example, cohesive functioning of intestinal epithelial barrier, macrophages, and cellular mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. Natural products derived from plants based on traditional system of medicine have exhibited efficacy for UC and CD in experimental models and clinical trials. In the present review, current developments of natural products and herbs for the treatment of IBD in the context of Indian traditional medicine have been highlighted. Two classes of Ayurvedic formulation, fermented preparations (Asava and Arishta) and Ghrita (preparations involving butter), are employed for the maintenance of intestinal disorders. Here, we discuss mainly about the fermented preparations, their main constituents, and correlations with modern findings. The way these fermented formulations are processed also affects the extraction of constituents in them. So, the correlation between the chemistry of the plant material (their constituents as well) with the IBD was done. These correlations may serve as a step forward to reduce the gap between modern system of medicine and traditional system of medicine

<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">In vivo</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB"> evaluation of curcumin loaded granules using Eudragit FS30D and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Guar-gum</i> coating in the treatment of <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">ulcerative colitis <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">in albino rats</span></span></span>

440-446<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:="" en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a wide-reaching health problem with unknown etiology and its high mortality rates. Conventional<span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:white;="" mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB"> therapy<span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:white;="" mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB"> for onset treatment of active UC includes immunomodulators, corticosteroids, purine analogues,<span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:white;="" mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB"> antibiotics and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Unfortunately, after giving long term treatment to the patients associated with UC, these drugs are found to have undue side effects. There is a need for novel therapeutical agents which is least toxic, effective and economical. Experimental data from the preclinical studies suggested that curcumin, a natural polyphenol molecule derived from the Curcuma longa is effective in preventing ulcerative colitis. The present work is divided into two sections: 1) multiparticulate delivery of curcumin loaded granules to the colon and it’s in vivo evaluation, 2) co-administration of curcumin along with probiotics to demonstrate significant protective action against acetic acid-induced UC in rats. Experimental research work is mainly focused on the induction of colitis, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">assessment of colitis, diarrhoea assessment, change in body weight, fecal bleeding assessment, blood analysis and histopathological study of colonic sections. <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:white;="" mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">In conclusion, our results suggest that the <span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;background:white;="" mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">co-administration of probiotics along with colon targeted delivery of curcumin showed potential beneficial protective effect against acetic acid induced UC in rats.</span

Identification and Quantification of Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites in Stem Bark of <i>Ficus religiosa</i> (Moraceae) Using UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA

F. religiosa bark has been extensively used in traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda, for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids) of the hydroalcoholic stem-bark extract from F. religiosa because this plant has been proven to have a beneficial effect on health disorders. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in F. religiosa bark using sophisticated chromatographical techniques such as UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA. Additionally, total flavonoids, total phenolics and the scavenging profile of the bark were studied using a UV spectrophotometer. A total of 23 compounds identified with UPLC-HRMS were mainly phenolic acids, polyphenolics, and flavonoids (flavanols and proanthocyanidins). Among the identified compounds, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid were simultaneously quantified (0.031–0.380%) using RP-HPLC-PDA. Thereafter, the study complied by evaluating the total flavonoids (109.15 ± 1.2 mg RuE/g and 33.78 ± 0.86 mg CaE/g), total phenolics (4.81 ± 1.01 mg GaE/g), and scavenging profiles (IC50 13.75 ± 0.12 µg/mL) of the F. religiosa bark. This is the first report on the chemical profiling of F. religiosa bark, which is a necessary step to evaluate its nutraceutical properties, paving the way for possible food application

Bioactive phenylpropanoid analogues from <i>Piper betle</i> L. var. <i>birkoli</i> leaves

<p>Phytochemical analyses of the chloroform extract of <i>Piper betle</i> L. var. <i>birkoli</i>, Piperaceae, leaves led to the isolation of two new phenylpropanoid analogues: <i>bis</i>-chavicol dodecanoyl ester (<b>2</b>) and <i>bis</i>-hydroxychavicol dodecanoyl ester (<b>3</b>), along with one known compound: <i>allyl</i>-3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzene (<b>1</b>) on the basis of spectroscopic data 1D (¹H and ¹³C) and 2D (¹H–¹H COSY and HMBC) NMR, as well as ESI-MS, FT-IR, HR-ESI-MS and LC-ESI-MS. Compound <b>2</b> and <b>3</b> exhibited excellent antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values of 12.67 μg/mL and 1.08 μg/mL compared to ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant drug with IC₅₀ value of 6.60 μg/mL. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity against two human oral cancer cell lines (AW13516 and AW8507) showed significant effect with GI₅₀ values of 19.61 and 23.01 μg/mL for compound <b>2</b> and 10.25 and 13.12 μg/mL for compound <b>3</b>, compared to Doxorubicin^® as a standard cytotoxic drug with GI₅₀ value of < 10 μg/mL.</p

New chemical constituents from the <i>Piper betle</i> Linn. (Piperaceae)

<p>The phytochemical investigation of chloroform extract from <i>Piper betle</i> var. <i>haldia</i>, Piperaceae, leaves has resulted in the isolation of two new chemical constituents which were identified as 1-<i>n</i>-dodecanyloxy resorcinol (<b>H1</b>) and desmethylenesqualenyl deoxy-cepharadione-A (<b>H4</b>), on the basis of spectroscopic data 1D NMR (¹H and ¹³C) and 2D NMR (¹H-¹H COSY and HMBC) as well as ESI-MS, FT-IR and HR-ESI-MS analyses. Compounds <b>H1</b> and <b>H4</b> showed excellent antioxidant DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values of 7.14 μg/mL and 8.08 μg/mL compared to ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant drug with IC₅₀ value of 2.52 μg/mL, respectively. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity against human hepatoma cell line (PLC-PRF-5) showed moderate effect with the GI₅₀ values of 35.12 μg/mL for <b>H1</b>, 31.01 μg/mL for <b>H4</b>, compared to Doxorubicin^® as a standard cytotoxic drug with GI₅₀ value of 18.80 μg/mL.</p

In-vitro osteoblast proliferation and in-vivo anti-osteoporotic activity of Bombax ceiba with quantification of Lupeol, gallic acid and β-sitosterol by HPTLC and HPLC

Abstract Background Bombax ceiba is used traditionally to treat bone disorders, rheumatism, and joint pain. The aim of the study is to carry out osteogenic activity in-vitro and anti-osteoporotic activity in-vivo of stem bark of B. ceiba in surgical ovariectomy model in female rats. Methods Plant drug: B. ceiba stem bark was extracted with solvents petroleum ether and methanol using Soxhlet extraction. In-vitro osteoblastic proliferation study was performed using UMR-106 cell lines. Both the extracts were undergone to acute toxicity study as per OECD423 guidelines. Female Wistar albino rats 180-240 g were used (n = 6). Surgical ovariectomy was performed under anesthesia to induce bone porosity and loss in all animals except normal control and sham control. Each extract was administered at two dose level: 100 and 200 mg/kg and the standard Raloxifene was given at 1 mg/kg orally for 28 days. The phytochemical study of both the extracts was performed using HPLC and HPTLC. Results A significant osteoblast cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were observed with B. ceiba extracts in UMR-106 cell lines. Surgical removal of ovaries produced significant (p < 0.05) decline in bone mineral density, bone breaking strength, serum ALP, calcium, phosphorus, and estradiol level and marked bone tissue destruction in histology. Administration of petroleum ether and methanolic extract for 28 days significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the consequences of ovariectomy induced bone porosity and restored the normal architecture of bone, as compared to OVX control. The phytochemical screening of both the extracts were also carried out. The quantification of phytoconstituents showed the presence of β-sitosterol and lupeol in petroleum ether extract, whereas the lupeol is also quantified in the methanolic extract. The presence of gallic acid was quantified in methanolic extract using HPLC. Conclusion B. ceiba: stem bark ameliorated the state of bone fragility and fracture possibly due to estrogenic modulation, as also confirmed by in-vitro osteogenic activity which may be due to the presence of lupeol, gallic acid and β-sitosterol constituents of the plant

In silico and in vitro antioxidant potential of Thymus serpyllum L. essential oil

Introduction: Thymus serpyllum L. is aromatic plant of Lamiaceae family. Traditionally T. serpyllum is used to cure fever, cold, cough, and mensuration disorders. Present research is focused on to study in silico and invitro antioxidant potential of T. serpyllum essential oil (TEO). Method: Essential oil of T. serpyllum is extracted from areal part by using, hydro-distillation method. In silico antioxidant activity of major phytoconstituents were studied by using autoDock/vina tool. MD simulation was done by using Gromacs. Quantification of thymol in T. serpyllum essential oil was done by GCMS. In vitro antioxidant activity of T. serpyllum essential oil and its active phytoconstituents Thymol was studied by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS method. Results: Molecular docking simulation data revealed that among all the selected phytoconstituents of T. serpyllum essential oil, thymol showed the best binding activity with both the target proteins 1HD2 and 2HCK with docking score -7.9 and -6.9 kcal/mol respectively and follows all the parameters drug likeness and toxicity, it is also stable in 100 ns simulation. Amount of thymol in essential oil was found 248.27524 µg/g. T. serpyllum essential oil showed the good antioxidant activity DPPH (IC50 - 0.755 ± 0.0021%), FRAP (2.78±0.017 µM) and ABTS (2.25 ± 0.0007%). Thymol also showed the good antioxidant activity DPPH (IC50 - 0.68 ± 0.0014%), FRAP (2.25 ± 0.0007 µM) and ABTS (0.15 ± 0.00035%). Conclusion: The current study showed that the essential oil of T. serpyllum and its major phytocompound Thymol has good antioxidant activity and its can be further used as functional food ingredient